Thetis

Mannheimer Beiträge zur klassischen Archäologie und Geschichte Griechenlands und Zyperns
Herausgegeben von Reinhard Stupperich und Heinz A. Richter

Band 10 (2003) ISBN 978-3-941336-40-7

• Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project: Fifth Preliminary Report on the 1999-2001 Research Seasons in Northwestern Cyprus
• Dariusz Maliszewski, Nancy Serwint, Joanna S. Smith and Bethany J. Walker
  The report focuses on the presentation of results gained during the PAP 1999-2001 research seasons conducted within the multi-year program of the project in the area of northwest Cyprus. The main aim of the extensive 1999 field survey was to investigate the Potamos tis Stenis valley and the western bank of the Potamos tis Chrysochous valley. In the course of the survey, twenty-one sites were discovered, including five settlements and sixteen burial grounds (comprising at least one hundred twenty-six tombs cut into havara rock). According to ceramic data, their occupation spanned the Late Chalcolithic through the entire Bronze Age to the Ottoman period. Of special significance is a multi-component cemetery used in the Early Cypriot, Cypro-Archaic, Cypro-Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods which, along with other sites, enormously supplemented our knowledge about settlement patterns in the hinterland of ancient Marion/Arsinoe and the shift of those patterns over millenia. In this context, it should be mentioned that Cypro-Classical and Cypro-Hellenistic materials are very scarce in the PAP survey area. Moreover, during the 1999-2001 seasons, documentation and study of the survey artefacts were initiated as part of the pre-publication phase of the project. As part of these efforts, several contributions focusing different ceramic materials of various date have been included with this report.
• The Formation of the Classical Greek Temple Beginning another Century of Discussion
• G. R. H. Wright
  Two young authors starting from different points of view developed some new ideas about the origins of Greek temple architecture and its canonic forms. The author discusses their suggestions with sympathy.
• Die Reliefs des Geryoneus von Golgoi. Ein Beitrag zur Rezeption griechischer Mythen in der zyprischen Kunst
• Matthias Steinhart
  The three-bodied ‘Geryon of Golgoi’ is often discussed as an extremely rich decorated Cypriote sculpture of the 2nd half of the 6th century BC: There are on his short tunic two reliefs with youths fighting lions and on his left and right shield Perseus beheading Medusa and Herakles in combat with a centaur. It is shown here, that Aias carries away Achilles on the central shield (not – as often thought – Herakles one of the Kerkopes), and that it is not convincing to understand the two youths on the tunic as Herakles or as Melqart. There is also a discussion of the relevance of the Greek myths combined on the ‘Geryon’ – especially the Aiakids – for Cyprus.
• Eine Methode zur Rekonstruktion antiker Mechaniken erläutert an der Apollon-Philesios-Statue des Kanachos
• H. J. Schwerdhöfer
  Modern construction theories say that mechanical devices can be build in more than one way. The author undertakes to verify this theory by applying it to the “moving deer” on the hand of the statue of Apollo Philesios by Kanachos at Didyma described by Pliny the Elder. On the basis of a ‘morphological box’ he enumerates all theoretically possible ways of construction and in a second step reduces the list one by one by evaluating the obstacles prohibiting such a solution. Thus there remain just two possibilities for the moving mechanism, one more plausible than the other one.
• The Dioscuri on Cyprus
• Sylvia Barnard
  The cult of the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) seems to have been an important one in Hellenistic and Roman Cyprus, with one inscription listing the Dioscuri as among the most important local deities. This article describes the artefacts and representations still extant in Cyprus as evidence of this cult. In nearly all instances, they are found in conjunction with materials connected to Egyptian cult and their worship seems therefore to have been brought to Cyprus by the Ptolemies. In the mosaic in the House of Dionysus, they are depicted in the guise in which the Thracian god Heron is shown in Hellenistic Egyptian art. However, there are many more important representations of them in Cyprus in statuary, on an important gem in the Paphos museum, and on votive offerings, as well as dioscuric symbols, such as stars and 'piloi' on such small objects as lamps and coins.
• Zur Laokoongruppe im Vatikan: Original oder Kopie?
• Martha Weber
  Since the famous Laocoon ensemble was found in Rome in 1501 its composition has been discussed under many aspects but nobody has cared to have a closer look at the realia. As early as 1506 Michelangelo stated that the ensemble had been cut out of several blocks and in 1960 Magi found out that it consisted out of seven pieces and that the original had been painted and there was a puntello on the head of Laocoon which had been overlooked until then. Pliny’s expression “ex uno lapide” was often interpreted as meaning “out of one block” instead of “out of one kind of stone”, and his “artifex” must not necessarily be translated as “sculptor” it can mean “painter” [Fassmaler] as well.. Besides this re-interpretation the article reminds us of Goethe’s very sensible description of the group: He saw the different expressions in the faces of Laocoon’s sons: The younger one dying and the older surviving son horrified by the sight. The article concludes that the ensemble is a marble copy of a hellenistic bronce original which was ordered by one of the Roman Emperors.
• Sculpture no. So.Ch.319 in the Cyprus Museum
• Aristodimos Anastasiadis
  A late antique female statue from Soloi made of Cypriot lime stone wearing a puzzling costume decorated with relief figures is interpreted in the light of Greco-Egyptian syncretism as an elaborate representation of Isis.
• Studi sulle gemme gnostiche XI Amuleto per il respiro; attributi di Persephone; gemma contro i ladri e significato della testa di toro
• Attilio Mastrocinque
  The author produces some new ideas for the interpretation of a group of magical engraved gems from Roman imperial times, amuletts against deseases, representing ideas stemming from Egyptian mythology

• Tonikonen oder Wandfliesen?
• Reinhard Stupperich
  From early times tiles with glazed surface or relief ornament were in use in Egypt and the Ancient Near East, and again in the Islamic and Christian world since the middle ages, but scarcely in classical Greek and Roman times. Only in the late Roman and in the Byzantine empire and only at a few spots such tiles turn up e. g.- in Tunesia and in Southern Spain. New finds surprisingly show that they were in use in the central Balkan region as well. Rough relief tiles with Christian ornaments and figures of saints and biblical scenes turn up there at the beginning of the middle ages, not as "terracotta icons", as they have been called, but obviously as wall ornaments of Christian churches.
• Tausend Jahre Theophano - Eine byzantinische Prinzessin auf dem deutschen Kaiserthron
• Eleftheria Wollny-Pópota
  After the untimely death of her husband emperor Otto II. the Byzantine princess Theophano, who had become his main counsellor and "coimperatrix augusta", had to reign the western Roman empire for seven years, in order to save it for her son Otto III. until he came of age. Putting all her energy and political skill into stabilizing the western Roman empire by diplomatic means, dealing successfully with potential enemies on all quarters of the compass rose she thus ensured the empire's position of primus inter pares in western Europe without wars. The legacy of the Byzantine works of art in the learned princess' dowry to the arts of central Europe in the time of the "Ottonian renaissance" is unquestionable.

• Navarin, Nauplie, Athènes. Les trois escales grecques de l'ingénieur-géographe Camille Callier en route vers l'Orient en 1830
• Lucie Bonato
  In 1830, Joseph-François Michaud (1767-1839), member of the Académie française, decided to go to the Orient to visit the territories that were the stage of events he describes in his book Histoire des Croisades (History of Crusades). Two officers of the French engineers-geographers corps, Camille Callier (1804-1889) and P. J. Stamaty, were appointed to accompany him. They embarked in the port of Toulon in May 1830 and reached the Greek shores in Navarino where they encountered the French busy rebuilding the city. They next stopped at Nafplion, then visited Argos and Mycenae, and finally found Athens in ruins and still occupied by the Turks. Callier has described this hasty excursion in manuscripts where he gives his impressions by walking the reader through the monuments and sites.
• Camille Callier: Un officier instruit de l’armée française qui explora Chypre en 1832
• Lucie Bonato
  In 1830, Camille Callier, lieutenant of the French engineers-geographers corps, was given an important scientific mission in the Orient: along with his associate P. J. Stamaty, he accompanied Joseph-François Michaud (1767-1839), member of the Académie française, who decided to visit the territories that were the stage of events he describes in his book Histoire des Croisades (History of Crusades). After visiting Greece, Constantinople, Asia Minor and Syria, Callier, who was now alone after the death of Stamaty in Aleppo in August 1831, started to explore Cilicia. In June 1832 , he embarked for Cyprus and stayed there three months. His stay can be considered a real exploration, as the island was rarely visited in this first part of the XIXth century. He would discover a country that was struggling to barely survive under the yoke of Ottoman Empire. The correspondence of the French consul in Larnaca at that time, Alphonse Bottu, allows us to precisely understand the situation: taxes are farmed out and the war between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali incurs extraordinary requisitions while the plague begins to appear. In a dry and concise style, reflecting his military background, Callier presents an account which is often monotonous but his narrative is not devoid of interest when he describes the Cypriots, their customs or their superstitions.
• „Wohlauf! Zerbrecht, Ihr edlen Mannen,das Joch der türkischen Tyrannen!“ Das Kirchheimbolander Wochenblatt als Sprachrohr des Philhellenismus in den 20er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts
• Hans Rödel
  The article shows how Philhellenism was supported enthousiastically by newspapers in the German provinces in the 1820ies. A typical example is the Weekly published at Kirchheimbolanden in the northern Palatinate. Its articles did not only report the events of the Greek struggle for independence but they reveal that the author and his readers identified themselves with the Greek fight for freedom and praising the Greeks he indirectly attacked the oppressive system ruling the countries of the Holy Alliance.
• Heinrich Heine, der griechische Freiheitskampf und Russland
• Harald Gilbert
  The Greek uprising of 1821 was enthusiastically supported throughout Europe; in Germany, too, philhellenic organisations were founded, many poets praised the Greek fight for freedom. Heine, however, did not rally to the side of the Greeks, at least not before 1827. His reasons were complex: Many considered the uprising a fight for “Cross” and “Christianity”: Heine, a young man of Jewish origin, felt discriminated in a Christian society and hated Christianity. Many of the German philhellenes were nationalists, glorifying the fight for freedom against Napoleon; Heine admired the French Revolution and Napoleon and hated German nationalism. He thought it wrong to enthusiastically praise other peoples’ fight for freedom and at the same time obey one’s own government without any resistance, as most German supporters of the Greek revolution did. Last but not least: Many of the philhellenic poems written in poor language, their writers imitating Goethe and Schiller, annoyed the self-confident young poet, searching for his own style. Around 1827/8 Heine changed his mind: He hailed Czar Nicholas I, as the standard-bearer of freedom and the Russian monarchy as more democratic than England’s. Nicholas’ successor Czar Nicholas, however, was the strongest pillar of absolutism, the suppressor of Polish freedom and hated by all European liberals, but in 1828/9 he saved the Greeks, when his armies defeated the Ottoman Empire in Thrace and Armenia. Now he forced the Porte to recognize Greece as an autonomous state. The liberal newspapers of Germany admired him just as much as Heine did. When Heine visited London, he learned that in Parliament the Irish, fighting for freedom, were compared with the suppressed Greeks. In these years, Heine developed the idea of liberation of all peoples and minorities. Mankind should start to fight for emancipation and against its suppressors: church and nobility. Thus in his eyes the Greek revolution was part of this eternal fight.
• Chatzidakis, Wilamowitz und die Kreter
• Pavlos Tzermias
  The discussion between the Cretan philologist Georgios Chatzidakis and his Berlin university teacher Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorf throws some light on the political events around the accession of Crete to Greece.
• Zur Bronzegruppe „Waldidylle” von Josef Hinterseher
• Martin H. Schmidt
  At the beginning of the 20th century the Bavarian sculptor Hinterseher, working in Paris seemed to have begun a very promising career. However, after World War I these perspectives did not become true and he tried to get support from right wing political circles. Special emphasis is on his Mannheim sculpture “Waldidylle”.
• The Intercommunal Clashes in Cyprus in 1912
• Andreas Cl. Sofokleous
  Violent intercommunal clashes took place in Nicosia and Limassol in May 1912. The cause of these events was the defeat of Turkey in the Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912 and the celebrations by some fanatic Greek Cypriots who provoked the national sentiments of the Turkish Cypriots who retaliated fiercely. The police and British forces intervened to stop the clashes. The result was 5 dead and many injured.
• Der Neubeginn in den deutsch-griechischen Beziehungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und die “Bewältigung“ der jüngsten Vergangenheit
• Hagen Fleischer
  This is an updated version of the first study (published in 1991) on the delicate subject of German-Greek rapprochement, after WW II, from the arrival of the first FRG diplomats in late 1950 up to the state visit by President Richard v. Weizsaecker to Athens in 1987. The study traces the strategies and behaviour of German institutions, particularly cultural institutions, during the Nazi era, showing that the new start was easier for those institutions whose leading representatives had carried out a moderate policy in occupied Greece. Nonetheless, the (West) German state, in spite of Germany’s brutal record during the Occupation and poor record of repentance after the war, soon succeeded in restoring its prominent pre-war position in Greece. The reasons are found in the FRG's economic strength and, at the peak of the Cold War, the common strategic interests of the conservative governments in both Athens and Bonn. Another issue is public opinion in Greece, where memories and images from the Occupation, covered only lightly by new priorities and/or political correctness, are likely to resurface in any crisis in bilateral relations.
• Safeguarding the Ancient Architectural Heritage; The Case of the Parthenon at Athens
• Alexander Papageorgiou-Venetas
  The author sums up the successful efforts made for the restauration of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens as an example for the careful handling of the problems that are posed by the saveguarding of our ancient monumental legacy, and he shows that the guiding ideas and the methods applied for this task are justified.
• Die griechische politische Kultur, der Antiamerikanismus und das Terrorismus-Phänomen
• Andreas Stergiou
  This paper examines the Greek political culture focusing on its historical development in the period before and after the Greek Junta (1967-1974). Attention is directed to the political parties (PASOK, Synaspismos, KKE, DIKKI), their history, political positions as such and the trade unions. The writer tries to explain how the known Greek anti-Americanism rose and developed to the prevailing element in the political culture of his country. In the paper the origins and the actual situation of the terrorist bands in Greece are explored. The writer concludes that the disappointment of former members of the resistance movement against the military dictatorship about the small political changes after the fall of Junta led gradually to the building of terror bands in Greece. These bands tried to legitimate their actions claiming, that the violence would achieve that what the politicians had not accomplished. The so called “17th November” terror organization killed some Americans and collaborators of old regime and with these first attacks it won the Sympathies of many Greeks . Its name derived from the date of the 1973 student uprising against the junta. The group first struck in 1975 murdering the CIA station chief Richard Welch. Its latest victim in June 2000 was the British military attache Brigadier Stephen Saunders. After 1990 it was confined to a small group of terrorists who safeguarded their identity by performing only limited acts of individual terrorism throughout the decades of their activity. The state's failure to capture any 17N members in over a quarter-century was attributed by some to police incompetence and by others to criminal negligence or even political cover by a string of Greek governments. This research paper proves that it was police incompetence.
• Beitrittsqualifikation Zyperns im Lichte der zypriotischen Verträge von 1960
• René Poew
  At its Copenhagen meeting on 12-13 December 2002, the European Council decided to admit Cyprus as a member of the European Union on 16 April 2004. EU membership will become effective, and for the time being Cyprus will be represented only by the Greek Cypriot side, the Republic of Cyprus. Ankara queried the legality of Cyprus’ entry into the European Union. This research paper is devoted to the question of the compatibility of the admission of Cyprus into the European Union with international law, the law of the EU and especially the Cypriot Treaties of 1959/60. It concludes that Cyprus is not prevented by the Treaty of Guarantee, or by any provision of the Constitution of 1960,

• Die Wahlen in Nordzypern. Ein Bericht
• Mülayim Hüseyin
  The author, a Turkish Cypriot by birth, went to Cyprus to observe the 13 december 2003 elections. He comes to the conclusion that the elections themselves were conducted correctly, but that buying of votes, influencing voters by unfair means were widespread before the election.